I wanted to be a writer like George Konrad
or Cesare Pavese, a writer in the European manner, who was both an artist and
an intellectual; a writer, who was also an outsider, as both Konrad and Pavese
seemed to be, writers who had become internal émigrés, or who had otherwise lived
on the margins of society, yet whose insights, emanating from the core of their
alienation, entered their fiction.
All during my undergraduate years and
afterward in Italy, as I walked the streets of Florence at night, trying to
picture what the city must have looked and felt like to Dostoevsky, who lived
there while writing The Idiot, or to
native writers like Giovanni Papini or Vasco Pratolini, I imagined myself
becoming such a writer, someone who lived and wrote in a furnished room, as
Carlo Levi described the camere affitati
he’d inhabited in the aftermath of the Second War, first in Florence and later
in Rome, in his novel The Watch, and
as I knew those rooms myself; someone who wrote far into the night, surrounded
by books, or who roamed the darkened streets of a still wakeful city, engaging
the night people—prostitutes, baristas who intuited at a glance what you were
seeking, students smoking and talking politics in half-lit cafes--returning to
sleep until noon before taking coffee and a roll for breakfast at a nearby bar
and then returning to work.
Between 1959 and 1962, I lived this way,
like Rilke’s Malte Laurids Brigge or an impoverished student in a Strindberg
novel, in furnished rooms on shadowed streets and alleys, rooms that looked out
over other rooms nestled under red-tiled roofs; rooms I left only to eat and
teach or to attend lectures in philology and Medieval literature at the
university, in Piazza San Marco. I can
picture them all now: the first room I had on Via Cavour, in Pensione Cordova,
when I arrived in Florence, small and neat with a desk by its single window;
and then the bright, sunny room in Piazza San Marco in the house of the
DiMaggio family, a room that looked across a courtyard to the Duomo, a
courtyard into which flocks of swallows plunged before nightfall, as the voices
of children echoed off the stuccoed walls and wash hung out to dry from
innumerable balconies. After that I
moved to Via dei Servi, renting a room frescoed with gorgons and swans, whose
double French windows I could lean out of to see the fountains of Piazza
Santissima Annunziata splashing on a summer afternoon. And finally, I lived in Via dei Fossi, off
Piazza Goldoni and the Arno, in a painter’s studio still smelling of turpentine
and linseed oil.
I’d had a room of my own, too, in
Settignano, in the Villino Martelli, on Via del Rossellino, which my friends
from Brunswick, Maine, novelist Peter Denzer and his painter wife, Ann Sayre
Wiseman, had taken in September of 1960 and invited me to share with them and
their two children, Kiko and Piet. I
loved that room on the third floor, at the very pinnacle of a narrow stone
staircase, where I slept in a 16th century carved wooden bed on a
straw-filled mattress and wrote at a little oak table by the lone window that
looked out over the Arno valley and the city of Florence below. This was the room in which I worked on my
first novel, “From What Bone,” a room with a blood-red tile floor and yellow
ceramic wood stove that heated it in chilly early mornings or on frigid Tuscan
winter nights, when I often woke to the mournful shriek of the Brenner Express,
as it departed Florence for Munich. I
cherished the solitude that was mine, once I had bid Peter and Ann good night
and ascended those stone steps to the summit of our small stucco covered house
that was flush with the hilly street, which led up from the village, where I
took the No. 10 bus daily to work or to attend lectures at the university. But though I enjoyed living in the Tuscan
hills, walking daily on old dirt roads that bordered olive groves and grape
arbors, taking coffee in the local Casa del Popolo, where Peter and I would
argue about politics with the village communists, I never felt truly myself
until I had moved back down into the city to be closer to work, and from where
I could resume my wanderings through nighttime streets, returning always to a
quiet room, where I’d have the radio softly tuned to an all night jazz program
that came from the U. S. Military Radio Station in Germany. Accompanied by the music that seemed
unerringly to fit or enhance my mood, music that reminded me of the country I
expected never to inhabit again, I would write or read until dawn.
Although that need for a room of my own had
begun in high school, when we moved to Rocky Neck and for the first time I had
such a room, in the corner of which I would sit to read or
write, I’d actually sought such refuge when we lived on Perkins Road and I
began writing in the basement of our duplex on my aunt’s typewriter. But a white washed basement that smelled of
mildew was scarcely the sanctuary I’d envisioned; and I didn’t fully attain my
dream until senior year in college, when I finally had a room entirely to myself
at 83 Federal Street, in Brunswick, in a big white 19th century
house occupied by the chairman of the biology department, who rented out a
couple of rooms to students. My
furnished single room was located over an ell attached to the main structure. It had a private bathroom and an entrance of
its own from a set of steps in the driveway off Federal Street, next door to
the mansion where the president of the college lived.
Because my room was in a separate
wing I was undisturbed by the radios or record players of the few students, who
lived in the main section of the house along with Professor Gustafson and his
family. Once I'd lighted the floor lamp
behind the easy chair at the foot of my bed, the room was suffused with a
comforting yellow glow. Then, after
returning at midnight from my late work shift at the library, I'd put on my
flannel bathrobe and wrap a blanket around me.
Warmed that way, I could study or read for as long as I wished, which
was often until the first light. Usually
I slept until noon because I no longer had morning classes. In any event, I took breakfast and lunch
together.
To the right of my old upholstered
chair was a dark, polished bookcase with glass doors. It was there I kept the books I owned, the
poetry of Pound, Eliot and Williams and some paperback or cloth-bound editions
of the novels I was currently reading, including Women in Love and Aaron’s
Rod, by D. H. Lawrence, seven volumes of the Modern Library edition of
Proust, and Celine’s Journey to the End
of the Night. The floor against the
adjacent wall was lined with books I borrowed from the library. To the left of the single unlocked door to my
room was my desk. Over it I'd tacked a
large street map of Florence cut out of a Baedeker guide I discovered at a church
book sale. Between my desk and single
bed there was a window, and another at the foot of the bed and to the right of
the closet. Over my bed I had a Vlaminck
print of fishing vessels tied to a wharf in Normandy because its dark browns
and cerulean blues reminded me of the waterfront in Gloucester. On the opposite wall was a Rouaultesque gouache, by George Dergalis, a Greek
artist from Cambridge, whom I’d met on Rocky Neck. It was of an ancient flute player with
Byzantine beard and hair locks. A faded
Oriental rug covered most of the floor.
Between an antique dresser and the bookcase, a hi-fi console sat on a
table with cast iron legs. My collection
of ten- and twelve-inch long-playing jazz and classical albums was lined up
under it. Attached to the dresser was a
mirror that reflected my desk and the map of Florence. In the glow of my reading lamp the map
appeared to be made of old parchment.
This was the room I had lived in
since September of 1958. A single floor
duct heated it irregularly. Sometimes
through the register I could hear Professor Gustafson and his wife, who taught
high school English in Bath, talking quietly over dinner. My typewriter and typewriter table were
nestled to the left of my desk under the big window. The sound of trailer trucks late at night on
the Bath Road told me I wasn't isolated from the commerce of highways; and the
roar of jet planes taking off from or landing at the Brunswick Naval Air
Station, a mile from the campus, reminded me that I was never very far from the
instruments of war and those who operated them.
It was in this room, exclusive of
the roommates I’d shared living arrangements with for the previous three years,
roommates whom I liked but whose constant presence I felt stifled by, that I
began to undertake the kinds of reading and writing that I would pursue for the
rest of my life. It was also in this
room that I embarked upon the first systematic self-examination I had hitherto
pursued, as I immersed myself in the writings of Freud and Jung, an inquiry
that began by attempting to address the sense of alienation I have already
described.
I’ve mentioned George Konrad and
Cesare Pavese. As an undergraduate, I
knew nothing about the work or the existence of either. Konrad’s haunting first novel, The Case Worker, was published in 1969,
though it didn’t appear in English until 1974; and I didn’t read my first
Pavese novel, the pitilessly neorealist Il
Compagno, until I arrived in Florence, although I bought it in Rome as soon
as I’d arrived in Italy, having been told by my printmaker friend Emiliano
Sorini, whom I’d met on Rocky Neck the summer before I left for Italy, “If you
love Moravia, you will die for Pavese.”
So it was Lawrence whose essays,
novels, poems and stories I first read in that room at 83 Federal Street;
Lawrence and Hemingway, whom I had begun reading in high school, not Hemingway
the big game hunter and sports fisherman, but Hemingway the expatriate, the
young writer of the Paris years. And I
read and re-read Sartre, having discovered his writings during my freshman
year--the Chemin de la Liberte` novels, Nausea, the New Directions edition of which I was to carry with me
to Europe, and Being and Nothingness. Of Simone de Beauvoir I had only read The Mandarins. But that novel introduced me to the
highly-charged atmosphere in which Sartre, Camus and the other French left-wing
intellectuals I admired lived, the Paris of cafes and political soirees, and a
Europe that was attempting to reconstitute itself politically and
intellectually after a devastating war, a war that left many of its finest
minds bereft of hope for mankind’s future.
I read Beckett, too, and Marguerite Duras, Nathalie Sarraute, and
Robbe-Grillet, all of whose works I had first been introduced to in the pages
of the Evergreen Review, which I devoured as soon as each new issue arrived in
the mail. It was in the Evergreen Review
that I also discovered the short stories of Michael Rumaker, “Exit 3” and “The
Pipe.” Rumaker had been a student of
Charles Olson’s at Black Mountain College.
Though it would be years before we met and became friends—after Olson’s
death, in fact—Michael’s stories, later collected in Gringos and Other Stories, had a profound impact on my own fiction.
Lawrence, the working class
intellectual, who was alienated both from his own class and from the culture he
grew up in, along with the literary society that should have provided a
sustaining environment, attracted me deeply, not only as a writer but as a
person, restlessly moving from Nottinghamshire to Germany, from Italy to
Ceylon, Australia and the American Southwest, ultimately dying in the South of
France. The Lawrence who also interested
me was the Lawrence who wrote, “At times one is forced essentially to be a
hermit,” adding: “Yet here I am, nowhere, as it were, and infinitely an
outsider.”
My deep study of Lawrence in that
room on 83 Federal Street prepared me for the senior thesis I was expected to
submit as partial fulfillment of the graduation requirements for an English
major. I chose to write mine on The Plumed Serpent, not one of
Lawrence’s most successful or highly acclaimed novels, but one which interested
me because of its mythic substructure.
For as a student of Dante I was also interested in myth and symbol and
the creation of anagogic structures of belief.
There were many teachers at Bowdoin
whose courses in literature, philosophy, Latin, Greek and Italian, sustained
me, along with their friendships, making it ultimately worthwhile to have
chosen this small liberal arts college on the Maine seacoast over a major
university like Harvard, where, I feared, I would have been overwhelmed
socially and academically. But the
principal education I received at Bowdoin was not in the classroom, nor was it
at the hands of my fellow students, whom I gradually separated myself from. My true education emanated from
the Hawthorne-Longfellow Library, where for four years I read widely on my own,
irrespective of course syllabi or graduation requirements, especially during my
final two years in college, when I worked nights at the circulation desk,
studying in the library and familiarizing myself with its immense
holdings. Each night after work I would
return home with a new book, which I would read often until dawn. There was never a book I sought or needed
that wasn’t already in the stacks or in the rare book collection that contained
copies of most of the major avant-garde or underground books of 20th
century art and literature, bequeathed to the college by an alumnus and rare
book collector, Robert L. Swasey, scion of Warner & Swasey, a leading
machine tool manufacturer in Cleveland.
If, in a book about Hemingway and
the Spanish Civil War, I came across the name of novelist and historian, Arturo
Barea, I could rush to the library and find his autobiographical trilogy, The Forging of a Rebel, whose dense,
lyrical prose brought to life the young writer’s coming of age against the
background of a nascent civil war. It
was a heavy volume, bound in yellow cloth, gathering all three books of his memoir,
The Forge, The Track and The Clash, as translated by Barea’s wife
Ilsa. I remember sitting over it for
hours on a long winter night, utterly absorbed in Barea’s descriptions of his
childhood and youth as a student.
Reading Barea led me to Gustav Regler’s autobiography, The Owl of Minerva, and from Regler I
read backwards to discover seminal Weimar and Austrian writers like Hermann
Broch and Robert Musil, plunging deeply into British translations of their
great novels, The Sleepwalkers and The Man Without Qualities. Along the way I discovered Salvador
Dali’s strange novel, Hidden Faces, which
I gobbled up, along with Elio Vittorini’s In
Sicily, Kenneth Patchen’s privately printed The Journal of Albion Moonlight, Henri Barbusse’s Under Fire, all part of the Swasey
collection; and then, from the main stacks, Herbert Gold’s The Man Who was not With It and John Clellon Holme’s ur-Beat novel, Go!, published five years before Jack
Kerouac’s On the Road. Some prescient librarian or astute faculty
member had had the sense to purchase or recommend both Gold and Holmes, now
sadly neglected.
The books piled up around my easy
chair—Edward Nehl’s three-volume composite biography of Lawrence, Broch’s
infinitely complex and experimental The
Death of Virgil—and I read and read, circling around schools, eras, places,
cultures, until I had created for myself a better picture of the birth of
European Modernism than I would ever have received had I taken a course in the
subject, which wasn’t offered anyway.
The fiction I was writing at the time, stories about growing up in
Gloucester, didn’t directly incorporate this reading, but I am certain the
reading inspired it, particularly Musil’s electrifying coming-of-age novel, The Confusions of Young Torless. Mostly I wrote about what I was reading in a
journal that I began to keep, inspired by André Gide’s journals, and in daily
letters to my girlfriend Cynthia Brown, who was studying literature at Boston
University. Sadly, those long, soulful
letters Cynthia and I exchanged during that period no longer exist.
The Swazey collection was of
particular importance for me because it contained most of the published works
of Henry Miller, not only Tropic of
Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn,
in the original Obelisk Press editions, as published in Paris in 1934 and 1938
by Jack Kahane, but the privately printed The
World of Sex, The Books in My Life,
and, The Colossus of Maroussi, one of Miller’s greatest books
and of utmost significance to me as a young writer of Greek-American extraction,
planning his first trip to Europe. Exile
and expatriation had emerged as significant themes for me from when I’d first
started to read about the Lost Generation in Malcolm Cowley’s Exiles Return and John Aldridge’s After the Lost Generation. Thereafter, Miller’s own saga of abandoning
New York, followed by years of penury and artistic struggle in Paris,
culminating in the publication of the Tropics,
his life-affirming stay in Greece just before the war, and his return to travel
in America, as chronicled in The
Air-Conditioned Nightmare, were an enormous inspiration to me, both as a
writer and prospective traveler. I will
never forget the long nights during which I read Miller’s forbidden books,
books I’d spirited out of the collection late at night, only to return under
cover the next day, giving myself a single night alone to read them lest their
absence be noted.
Why do I tell you all this? Why do I share with you the titles of the
books I read in those intense months, in that single room on Federal Street in
Brunswick, Maine, while my classmates were dating girls, drinking beer, and
planning the careers that would eventually bring them more money than I would
ever earn in a lifetime of reading and writing?
Why recount the story of a lonely student, an outsider and a misfit, who
was happiest reading late at night in the yellow glow of an old lamp, as he sat
wrapped in a sweaty bathrobe in an unheated room? Who cares today about an undergraduate and
his reading habits, about a studious young man who didn’t study much but read
instead so that, in effect, he became The Self-Taught Man of Sartre’s Nausea?
Has my life changed today, sixty
years later? Am I any different from
that bearded boy in the old bathrobe, reading in a fraying chair under the glow
of a rickety floor lamp, on the corner of the Bath Road, as trailer trucks
roared by in the night and jet fighter planes took off at dawn, while I was
falling asleep, my head full of images from the books I’d read myself to sleep
over?
What I’m trying to relate, I
suppose, is not just the story of the books I read and the room I read them in,
a room that became imbued with my own perspiration to the extent that I could
still smell myself in it as I packed up to leave after graduation in June of
1959. It’s the story of my
self-education, I’m driven to share, an education that would not have been
possible without the library that contained those books and the room in which
to read them, apart from the noisy dormitories and liquor spewed fraternities
(not that I didn’t drink, and drink a lot). I don’t fault the dormitories,
though I moved out of them, or the fraternity I regretted joining and whose
membership I ultimately rejected—they were part and parcel of the atmosphere of
college in the 1950s; but they were not my Bowdoin. After three stumbling years, I had found my
own refuge to read and write in, and that refuge, if even for one year alone,
constituted the most important part of my education. It was a pattern I would follow for the rest
of my life, which, you might say, has been a life spent in small rooms of old
houses, reading and writing. For this is
the story of my life, or at least a significant part of it, and not to share it
in some detail would be to misrepresent the record of that life, insignificant
as it may seem.
I attended class during those years
I’m speaking of and I did pretty well in most of my courses, reading Dante and
Sophocles in the original, immersing myself in Romantic poetry and ancient
history, making dean’s list and graduating with honors in English. I had a girlfriend, as I’ve said; I went to
parties, though I spent most of my time playing piano at them and in other
venues around Brunswick. But my room at
83 Federal Street meant more to me than anything else.
I’ve studied with great
teachers. I first learned how to read
and write critically with Hortense Harris at Gloucester High School. At Bowdoin I studied expository and
imaginative writing with novelist Stephen Minot, and literature and criticism
with novelist and Hawthorne scholar, Lawrence Sargent Hall, while under Walter
Solmitz I began my lifelong study of philosophy. I continued to read Dante and I studied
Romance Philology in Florence with Domenico De Robertis. I attended lectures on Renaissance culture by
Eugenio Garin and I audited classes on contemporary European literature by
Mario Luzi, both major scholars at the university, and Luzi himself a
distinguished contemporary Italian poet.
In graduate school, at Tufts, along
with reading Shakespeare with Kenneth Myrick, I studied
Milton’s poetry and prose with Michael Fixler, whose Milton and the Kingdoms of
God is one of the seminal studies of the poet as Christian theologian. At Tufts I also began, under the tutelage of
Americanist Wisner Payne Kinne, the deep immersion in the books and essays of
Henry David Thoreau that would lead both to my thesis on Thoreau and the
phenomenology of place and to a lifelong absorption in the writings of the
Concord seer whose words and whose politics guide me to this day. All of these teachers made a profound
impression on me, opening me to the richness of their own minds as well as to
disciplines I might never have been able to master on my own. But at bottom, and certainly due to their
guidance, I have essentially become my own teacher.
I’ve lived and written in other rooms. Upon my return from Italy I rented a studio
at the Beacon Marine Basin on East Main Street, high over Gloucester harbor,
where I completed a second novel, and where my wife and I lived before moving
to a carriage house on Farrington Avenue, bordering Eastern Point. It was there, in a quiet back room that later
became my first son Jonathan’s bedroom that I wrote my master’s thesis on Thoreau
and the short stories that would become my first publications. From there we moved to an 1850s farmhouse on
Vine Street, in Riverdale, where I had a study overlooking Gloucester’s oldest
intact colonial dwelling, a meadow rich in wildlife, and Ipswich Bay. Here I wrote another novel, “Reunion,” a
memoir, Landscape with Boy, and my
first two published books; and it was here that I remained living and writing
alone for many years after the end of my marriage.
When my landlord died and the
property went on the market, I moved from Vine Street to a house in Bickford
Way on Rocky Neck, overlooking Wonson’s Cove.
In a tiny first floor room, flooded with light for most of the day and
with a view out onto the cove, I finished At
the Cut, my memoir of growing up in Gloucester during the 1940s, and No Fortunes, a novel about my final year
at Bowdoin, while also completing most of Broken
Trip, a novel-in-stories about Gloucester in the 1980s and 90s, published
in 2005 by writers Grace Paley and Robert Nichols of Glad Day Books.
I’m writing this in my study on Page
Street above the ocean, far up on Mt. Pleasant Avenue from Rocky Neck,
surrounded by the books I began collecting when I lived on 83 Federal Street;
but I come back to this room and that time, where it all began, and where I
often feel it was better than in any other room or in any other time or place
in my life.
